Sitka National Historical Park, The Mosquito Legend Pole – Sitka AK

Description

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) carved a copy of the Mosquito Legend Pole during a restoration program that lasted between 1938 and 1941. The restoration was part of a larger U.S. Forest Service program focused on the conservation of totems and Native cultural assets. Many of the poles that the CCC recovered were found in an advanced state deterioration, which made conservation difficult. While restoration was the preferred approach, the CCC opted for recarving, or partial recarving, if the pole could not be salvaged. The head carver at Sitka was George Benson. This mosquito pole currently at Sitka is a replica of an original pole and was carved by Frank Kitka, as part of the CCC program.

Before the CCC program, many totems had been left to deteriorate in abandoned villages, as Native populations began to migrate in search of work opportunities. Leaving old totems to rot away was a longstanding Native practice. However, few new poles replaced the deteriorating ones in the early twentieth-century, as the art of totem carving gradually disappeared due to outmigration. In his 2012 volume, The Most Striking of Objects: The Totem Poles of Sitka National Historical Park, Andrew Patrick notes that the conversion of many Natives to Christianity also contributed to the disappearance of carving traditions. Citing Alison Hoagland (1997, 182), Patrick writes that young Natives from the village of Kake got together to destroy the poles and the bones of the dead with dynamite, while the elders watched in dismay. The new CCC program enlisted the help of master carvers such as George Benson, and began to train young recruits in the craft of totem carving, thus helping preserve not only Native artifacts, but also cultural practices.

In the volume The Most Striking of Objects, Andrew Patrick describes how the New Deal brought an influx of WPA and CCC funding, which helped with the conservation of the totem poles at Sitka: “The involvement of the WPA and the CCC with Sitka’s totem poles began in January 1939. [B. Frank] Heintzleman secured WPA funding for totem pole restoration at Sitka National Monument. Work began on February 18th when Assistant Regional Forester Charles Burdick assessed, photographed, and numbered the poles. […] Funding switched from the WPA to the CCC just a month after the work first began. […] By March 22nd, 1940, all of the totem poles, except for Saanaheit’s which was still being recarved, had been refurbished or replaced.”

The Mosquito Legend Pole originally belonged to Hattie Wallace of the Kaigani Haida village of Sukkwan. The National Park Service information page for the Sitka National Historical Park summarizes the characteristics and history of the pole: “This pole blends Haida carving style with Tlingit story. At the top is the familiar Village Watchman. A Tlingit figure, Guteel, associated with the creature from which mosquitoes originated is the second figure. Below the mosquito are suction cups used as eyebrows, while the bottom figure is probably a devilfish or octopus, recognized as a bear.

A copy of the original, this pole was carved by local Native carver Frank Kitka (Ganóosgu Éesh, Kaa.ítdei du.áxch) during the 1938-41 Civilian Conservation Corps project. Hattie Wallace of the Kaigani Haida village of Sukkwan donated the original pole in 1903. The original may be viewed in the Totem Conservation Exhibit.”